Gender Roles The New Man Of Disney / Pixar `` And Dude,...

Many People are interested to know how we get our gender roles. The articles â€Å"Why Do We Make So Much Of Gender?†, â€Å"Post-Princess Models Of Gender: The New Man in Disney/Pixar† and â€Å"Dude, You’re a Fag: Adolescent Masculinity and the Fag Discourse† comply well with this topic. Gender roles have dramatically changed in the past few decades especially the roles of females as in the past they were thought to be the property of men. Stereotypes have played a big part on gender roles. The most common male stereotypes are independent, strong, and aggressive; whereas females are delicate, emotional and supportive. However, when these sexes act in opposite manners they are labeled â€Å"fags†. Although Gender role discrimination may be considered nonexistent in today s society it still plays a huge role in our lives. Ever since the beginning of history, women have been discriminated because of their gender. They were not allowed to attend school much of the time, couldn t vote, couldn t possess anything and couldn’t even work for themselves. Such denial of freedom has made females seem weak and unequipped for making their own decisions. Kids start to take in their sex roles at an extremely young age. Boys must identify what men do, what they like, and even how they think and feel. The girls do the same as they take in the parts for the women. The media s emphasis on appearance has contributed to low self-esteem in many teenage girls. Feminist believe young girls are becoming more

Brown The Last Discovery Of America Essay example

Brown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguezs three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In the chapter Hispanics, as seen through imagery, personification, and humor, Richard Rodriguez upsets the reader to show that racial categorization is unfit and that racial barriers are meant to be broken.†¦show more content†¦Rodriguez questions their credibility as Hispanics because Hispanics who call Anglos Anglo are themselves Anglo (110). In other words, by using the Anglo language, the Hispanics themselves are also Anglos. Because there a re no true Hispanics, the author concludes that racial categorization, not only of Hispanics, is unfit. Americans, explains the author, do not speak English but American English (115). Americans have taken the English language and transformed it into their own property. While becoming a hybrid, the language has also devoured other languages as well, causing boundaries, whether literary or racial, to mesh together. One of the devices in which Rodriguez employs is imagery; it is used to illustrate the confusion created by racial categorization. When the Nixon administration created the five racial categories Ââ€" African American, Caucasian, Asian American, Native Americans, and Hispanic Ââ€" mass confusion resulted: Statisticians in overalls moved India Ââ€" oufff Ââ€" over beneath the green silk tent of Asia.Show MoreRelatedBrown: the Last Discovery of America1331 Words   |  6 PagesBrown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguez s three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In theRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Brown : The Last Discovery Of America1135 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is a melting pot of different people, culture, and religion. Although there are millions of different people from different parts of the world, it s citizens would like to appear united and patriotic. To foreigners, e very person living in the United States is an American; however, within the country, there are divisions among the society through a concept called race. No citizen calls themselves an American to another American. The individual labels themselves Hispanics, Asians, [or]Read MoreEssay on Inventions and Discoveries of the 1960’s1605 Words   |  7 PagesInventions and Discoveries of the 1960’s The 1960’s era was a time period notorious for its technology and innovation. This particular era of time was booming with creativity. People started to venture outside of the traditional mindset established by their elders, and the new generation made a great impact on the American lifestyle. The original models of these creations have been modified into complex designs, yet as we strive for perfection, we still use these revolutionary concepts. LikeRead MoreAnalysis of James Howard Kunstlers The Long Emergency1043 Words   |  4 Pagesdoesnt have to have great credentials as a scholar to write a book like this one, Kunstlers credibility is on the line when his narrative is overloaded with claims like: a) †¦all bets are off about civilizations future; b) a dazed and crippled America will either regroup or die-back; and c) while society struggles with a loss of electricity, designer viruses will whittle down the worlds population. Indeed the world is going to run o ut of oil in at some point in time, but Kunstler offers anRead MoreHistorical Events Between 1920- 1990787 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Events between 1920- 1990 The 1920 census indicates a population in the United States over 100 million people, for the first time. The 15% increase since the last census now showed a count of 106,021,537. The geographic center of the United States population still remained in Indiana, eight miles south-southeast of Spencer, in Owen County. Then on January 10, 1920 The League of Nations is established with the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, ending the hostilities of theRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1555 Words   |  7 PagesChinese despite her mother’s insistence. Jing-mei is ignorant about the people and places in China, which could be the most likely cause of her being raised in America and only knowing American culture. Setting is integral for Jing-mei to finally understand herself. In Amy Tan’s short story â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† setting is used to emphasize the discovery of self-identity as well as heritage and culture for the protagonist Jing-mei. Having lived all her life in San Francesco, Jing-mei has never consideredRead MoreDavid Walker ( 1785-1830 ) Traces For Events That Transpired During The Civil War1593 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance and deracination, aggressive to last privation would he ask to be God? Alluring of which ought to be slavery to the American person and children forever is the main problem. Too it is the most egregious historical analysis of slavery that condition crueler. Almost deign an  ¬Ã‚ ¬enlighten and Christian people. Only they created characters that represent how people felt at the time. They are crests of characters with many years ago of expression has in Afro America life. Also He had international workplaceRead MoreDavid Walker ( 1785-1830 ) Traces From Events That Transpired During The Civil War1593 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance and deracination, aggressive to last privation would he ask to be God? Alluring of which ought to be slavery to the American person and children forever is t he main problem. Too it is the most egregious historical analysis of slavery that condition crueler. Almost deign an enlighten and Christian people. Only they created characters that represent how people felt in the time. They are crest of characters with many years ago of expression has in afro America life. Also He had international workRead MoreAnalysis Of Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesBury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a non-fiction book written by Dee Brown on the removal and extinction of the native peoples that called America their home. The title was created by utilizing a line from Stephen Vincent Benà ©t’s poem â€Å"American Names†. Furthermore, the book demonstrates the deteriorating relations between the natives and whites over time through the descriptions of atrocities imposed upon each Native American tribe by the white settlers. The number of these atrocities greatly outnumbersRead More Transformation Essay1810 Words   |  8 Pages America is ever changing. Over the centuries it has transformed in many ways. There has been an increase in immigrants, especially Hispanics, which has caused a transformation of both language and culture. Richard Rodriguez in his book Brown: The Last Discovery of America, and in other essays has brought his views on these matters and presents brown as a new way of describing America. Brown as color; as impurity; as language; as America. Richard Rodriguez is a writer who is artistic, and has an

Policies to Reduce Pollution Free Essays

The two policies that are mostly used to reduce pollution are the taxation of the pollution producers (Pigovian tax) and standards-change approaches. The Pigovian taxes are usually generally levied as an excise tax, which will raise the price of the goods produced. This causes the company to produce less which in turn lowers pollution. We will write a custom essay sample on Policies to Reduce Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The standards-charge approach is to tax the pollution directly. The government determines the level of pollution that it thinks is appropriate, and then will charge a fine for each unit that is above the appropriate amount. This is how the standard-charge approach rewards the companies that produce less pollution and punishes the companies that exceed the allotted pollution amount. Unfortunately, standard-charge approaches don’t enable policy makers to control the air quality. The government has to estimate how much a company will reduce their pollution when they are fined. If the government sets a fine to low, the company may determine that it is cheaper to pay the fines rather than reduce its pollution. This also will not give the company an incentive to reduce their pollution level below what the government has set as the desired limit. The positive benefits to these measures are that our ecosystems are healthier and this also helps the health of the people living in the local environment. Air pollution is known to cause a great deal of disease in the population, especially respiratory disease. The environments ecosystems will benefit when people and companies lower their use of fossil fuels, this will help to lower greenhouse gases. Taxes and fines always have some sort of losses involved, both to the companies and to the government applying the fines. When the different taxes are levied, companies will find ways to reduce costs by either cuts in staffing or outsourcing what they are able to send to foreign companies. Another cost involves the failure of the government. The different taxes and fines levied on companies are paid over to the government and the government is notorious in their inefficiency in the use of their funds. Most government agencies are overly bureaucratic and cumbersome which can create unnecessary regulations that are impossible to enforce. It is impossible to determine the exact level of pollution reduction needed to produce a healthier living environment. At this point in time, society controls the pollution levels until the costs outweigh the benefits of additional controls. This assumption isn’t always valid. It has been proven, through past actions, which as air quality improves it becomes more difficult to reduce the levels of pollution at a reasonable cost. Even though society demands a clean environment for health reasons, it is a higher concern depending on income levels. The higher the income level the more of a concern it will be. Those with a lower income that are without medical insurance are less inclined to worry about pollutions that will harm them over time. Pollution should be reduced so that it will not negatively affect the health of the population or the environment. Unfortunately we also have to weigh the lowering of pollution against the cost of job loss and the cost of goods. In the end, as long as the government policies are able to reduce pollution to a level that is socially acceptable they can be viewed a success. How to cite Policies to Reduce Pollution, Essay examples

Leadership Mgmt free essay sample

During the departmental meeting, Carl is using the consultation-influencing tactic – he feels strongly that there should be a policy, but he hasn’t already decided what the policy should be and seeking input from his faculty. As a tenured faculty member without an administrative title, Latoya Washington does not have position power – she relies on personal power. Initially, she is probably hoping to use referent power, and win her fellow faculty over to her side based on her relationships with them. Thus, her first influencing tactic is personal appeal. When this isn’t successful, she tries another angle by using rational persuasion, providing facts (although unsubstantiated at least for the moment) and logical arguments to convince her fellow faculty that graduate assistants should be allowed to grade objective exams, or barring that, to convince the department chair that there should be no policy at all. 2. What would you do if you were John Carl? According to the case, â€Å"Carl likes to have policies in place, so that faculty members have guides for their behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Mgmt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After consulting with his superiors, he has determined that there should be a departmental policy on the use of graduate assistants. Graduate assistantships serve two purposes. First, they provide graduate students with meaningful work experience in higher education. The work is generally not high profile or glorious, but is related to the career they are pursuing. Second, they provide faculty with something akin to paraprofessional support in fulfilling their duties. Thus, GA duties are typically ted directly to faculty activities, such as research. Graduate assistants are in a particularly vulnerable position. The faculty who give them work assignments are the same faculty who assign their course grades, and even determine whether they complete their programs. In some cases, GAs are prohibited from holding outside employment, and are dependent on their GA positions for their income. While the hopes is that faculty will make appropriate use of their Gas, there is always a risk that a GA will be asked to pick up dry cleaning, wash a car, or mow a lawn. In order to protect Gas from this type of imposition, establishing a common sense policy on the appropriate use of Gas is a good idea. Asking the faculty to develop the content of the policy as a group signals the faculty that Carl generally trusts their judgment, and is establishing the policy only as a precaution; it is an effective use of the consultation-influencing tactic. Therefore, up to this point Carl has made no serious errors. The fact that Carl was not prepared for the debate over the use of Gas to grade exams suggests that he has missed some political undercurrents among the faculty who have been in the department longer than he has. Using Gas to grade objective exams seems rather innocuous to receive this much faculty opposition. If I were Carl, I would make discreet inquiries regarding Washington’s relationships with her colleagues to find out if some other conflict is at work. My suspicion would be that Washington’s colleagues perceive her as lazy. In the meantime, I would invite my dean to lunch at a restaurant frequented by my faculty, and over lunch I would casually mention that my announcement regarding the GA policy was not universally popular, and he might hear from one or two disgruntled faculty. This conversation serves three purposes. First, it assures my dean that I will keep him informed about my department and not let him be blindsided. Second, it conveys to the dean that I have my department under control. Finally, the visibility of the lunch reminds my faculty of my connection power, and suggests that the dean will support whatever decision I make concerning the policy. 3. How would you evaluate Latoya Washington’s actions in this case? Would you have done the same thing? Did she make any mistakes? Washington has been using her GA to grade objective exams, and it is a practice she would like to continue. However, she makes her case poorly in the meeting. One of her arguments is that faculty in other departments and at other universities use GAs in teaching and assessment situations which require far more professional judgment. While this is true, and her colleagues undoubtedly know that it is true, her presentation of the argument strictly as a device to justify her own behavior weakens the point. She weakens her case further by following this with â€Å"it’s not fair. Finally, rather than asserting that the policy should not prohibit using Gas as graders, she contends that there need not be a policy at all – in effect, attempting to dismiss her colleagues’ position by attacking Carl’s. This is a calculated risk; she perceives Carl, as a relatively new administrator, to be a more vulnerable opponent than her fellow tenured faculty. If Carl is an ins ecure leader, or cannot rely on the support of his dean, the tactic could work. However, it could also result in Washington fighting a war on two fronts. If I had been in Washington’s position, I would have taken steps to slow down the process. As soon as someone suggested prohibiting the use of GAs for exam grading, Washington should have suggested that they take a step back and, instead of using the meeting to outline the policy, use it to develop a statement of philosophy regarding the use of GAs. This would give her an opening to talk about the importance of the GA experience in shaping future faculty, and the value of exposing GAs to the duties they would assume as professors, including research, service, and teaching. She could suggest several activities under the research and service headings to which her colleagues would readily agree. Once they have accepted the premise that a GA position is training for a faculty position, she could introduce the proposition that in terms of the teaching side of their development, GAs also benefit from supervising homework labs as well as correcting exams, particularly in situations where some degree of judgment is required to assign partial credit. Slowing sown the process gives Washington a greater opportunity to employ rational persuasion. Washington’s email to the department is inherently threatening to Carl. She has questioned the ethics and legality of adopting a policy she dislikes, and has stated that she is prepared to take it up the chain. The email is unnecessarily confrontational. While Washington is probably unaware that Carl spoke with his superiors prior to introducing the topic of a policy, she should consider the fact that, in the absence of actual wrongdoing, a dean is unlikely to rule against both a department chair that he appointed and the majority of the faculty in a department based on a single appeal. Thus, a better course of action would have been for Washington to approach Carl after the meeting and suggest that the department agree on a list of peer departments, either on campus or elsewhere, and review their GA policies to see if there were consistencies worth adopting; Washington herself would volunteer to collect and summarize the data. Again, she postponed a decision, giving her time to influence her colleagues through rational persuasion; offered meaningful support to her chair, thus building her referent power; and found a way to introduce her original arguments in a thoughtful and controlled way not easily dismissed. 4. If you were Latoya Washington, and John Carl drafted a policy to which the rest of the department agreed, what would you do? Theoretically, Washington could appeal the policy to the dean, using some variation on the grounds she attempted to use in the meeting. In her place, I would not file such an appeal, for the reasons I address in Question 5. Washington would need to accept the loss as gracefully as possible and discontinue using GAs to grade objective exams. 5. If you were the dean of the business school, knowing that the vice president does not want to set a college-wide policy, and Latoya Washington appealed to you, what would you do? The dean appointed Carl as chair of the department. He also gave his tacit approval of Carl’s plan to develop a departmental policy on the use of GAs. Granting Washington’s appeal would undermine Carl; his department would come to see him as ineffective, and his faculty would be more inclined to challenge his authority in the future, which would require the dean to intervene in the department more frequently. In addition, because the dean already supported Carl’s plan for a policy, reversing himself following Washington’s appeal would make him look weak and untrustworthy to his own subordinate. The dean’s long working relationship with Carl, and Carl’s with his faculty, hang in the balance. On the other hand, a dean who ignores or automatically denies a faculty appeal opens himself up to accusations of favoritism or tyranny. In his position, I would review the appeal, then notify Washington that I was providing Carl a copy and giving him two weeks to write his rebuttal. I would privately advise Carl to speak with his faculty individually to ensure that the policy he has written actually has the support of the majority, both tenured and untenured, and that no one feels he or she was coerced into approving it. After I reviewed Carl’s rebuttal, I would meet with Washington privately and tell her that, while I sympathize with her position, the policy is legal and ethical and enjoys majority support, and her appeal is denied. Then I would encourage her to explore options for obtaining the variety of support she needs outside the scope of the departmental policy. 6. What would you have done in Eddie Accorsi’s place? Would your decision have depended on whether Latoya Washington was a friend? Would it have depended on whether you were tenured? Assuming Accorsi’s motives are pure, he was in a difficult position in the meeting. As a tenure-track faculty member whose future employment depends to some extent, on remaining in his colleagues’ good graces, he would have taken a risk by defending Washington’s position in the meeting. Another explanation for his behavior is possible, however. Accorsi may not have had any opinion at all on the issue under debate. By remaining silent (and implying consent) in the meeting, he maintained his relationship with the majority. By approaching Washington after the meeting to express his support, he did what he could to preserve his relationship with her. In this case, his behavior was dishonest, but also politically savvy. If I were Accorsi, and I genuinely supported Washington’s position, I would have taken essentially the same actions described above for Washington: I would have suggested that we take the time to develop a statement of philosophy regarding the purpose of graduate assistantships; that we benchmark GA policies of other comparable departments; and that we develop a policy that was consistent with best practices elsewhere. His remarks would support Washington without being obviously partisan. This approach would have been appropriate regardless of his personal relationship with Washington or his tenure status.

wordsworth Essays - British Poetry, I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud

One day the speaker is purposelessly walking around like a cloud in the sky with no purpose but to float around. He happens to stumble across a beautiful field that is filled with daffodils that is alongside a lake. He says that the flowers are dancing and moving in such a way that captivates him. The lake moves in a marvelous way that makes him just stop and stare. Both the lake and the flowers move in a way that is so seamless he can?t take his eyes off it. The lake is beautiful but the flowers look so happy. He believes that a poet couldn?t but be intoxicated in the company of the flowers. He didn?t envision that the flowers would be such a treasure that he would keep for a long time. That whenever he felt like a bottomless pit and his life was going wrong he could just remember the flowers and everything would be all right. He exemplifies a time when he was aimlessly walking around in a pasture like a single cloud in the sky that looks like and outcast. ?I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er vales and hills? (Wordsworth). Then out of nowhere he sees a field of flowers that is as far as the eye can see moving as beautiful as anything he has come across before in the breeze. In the following stanza he starts to really describe the flowers in great detail. ?Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way they stretched in never-ending line? (Wordsworth). He pronounces its beauty in a way that makes it so picturesque so you can envision its beauty. They make him think of the Milky Way the way they are packed so tightly together.it seems like it will go on for eternity. Then he goes on to say he believes there could be about ten thousand flowers right in front of him. Then he uses personification that the flowers are dancing like they have a sprit in them that is actually maki ng them move. The next stanza is about comparing and contrasting the flowers and the lake. Even though they are both elegant and touching he believes that the flowers give of a vibe that is happy while the lake is just glittery and shiny. He goes on to say that like himself a poet couldn?t contain his joy in the company of such elegance and beauty. He stared for a long time trying to comprehend the significance of what looking would give to him. ?They flash upon that inward eye which is the bliss of solitude? (Wordsworth).In the final stanza he talks about when he finally comprehends it. He learns that it was afterwards when he was alone and depressed that he thought on that time in the pasture and it made his heart just melt. That experience gave him what he has never been able to see as a poet and now he can use it to his advantage whenever something goes wrong or makes him sorrowful.

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata was born on August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco, Mexico. He was the ninth of 10 children of Cleofas Salazar and Gabriel Zapata, who worked a plot of land in the village and also raised cattle and horses. Emiliano was an orphan by age 16. He was a Mexican revolutionary. The family was not poor, but luxuries and comforts were few. Emilianos father taught him to ride a horse at a young age and his uncle taught him how to use a firearm. These things he learned from his family provided skills that would help him for the rest of his life. At the age of 7 young Emilianos father sent him to school. Emiliano took advantage of his situation and learned to read and write, he also developed an interest in Mexican History. When Emiliano was 9 years old, he saw his father cry because the government had unfairly reserved communal lands. Zapata swore that this would not happen again, and the future leader grew to see his dream of the Agrarian Reform be fulfilled in his native state. Land was always a concern and ever since the sixteenth century sugar boom, haciendas were sprouting up all over the state. Zapata was raised on oral traditions of the long elemental struggle of his people against the hacendados. Growing up he had asserted himself against the hacendados, and because of this he was known to the authorities as somebody to keep an eye on. It was estimated by 1909, 28 hacendados controlled 77% of Morelos. In 1897 he was arrested for protesting against the farmers assuming of communal lands. In 1909 he declared the grievances of his fellow peasants, and was elected president of the board of defense for his village. On March 10th 1911, Emiliano and 72 peasants from Morelos proclaimed the beginning of their revolution. Their slogan, Land and Freedom, has been perhaps most famous of Zapatas phrases. One week later he entered Cuernavaca with 5,000 men.

Legal Assignment for Architecture Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Assignment for Architecture - Case Study Example A covenant is an agreement written under seal commonly used with reference to sales or leases of land. Covenants are privately negotiated and agreed not necessarily obligating both parties involved, but a promise to perform or give something to the other party. The legal document is part of the deed of ownership and represents a binding contract between two parties: the covenantor (the person bound to perform the promise or stipulation) and the covenantee (the person on whose favour it is made). In this instance, Robert is the covenantor, one doing the favour, and John is the covenantee, for whom the favour is intended. Favour at this instance is the retaining wall in Robert's property. Covenants are subdivided into numerous classes. Restrictive covenant is a covenant which restricts the use of land, which is binding not only upon the current owner, but also upon the future owners of the land. A covenant real runs with the land and descends to the heir and is also transferred to a purchaser. If the original owner of Robert's land covenanted to maintain the wall, then the nature of the covenant is a restrictive covenant. Robert is obliged by the restrictive covenant to maintain the retaining wall that already exists. Trying to get a covenant enforced is risky and can be expensive and time consuming. If a covenant is breached, John should check if enforcement is possible by going through the courts. He would need to prove if his rights are affected. If Robert fails to maintain the retaining wall on his property and risks to damage or cause detriment to John's property, John must show that the disrepair of the retaining wall amounts to liability on Robert's part. 2. Does John have a right of support from the wall What is the nature and effect of such a right John has a right of lateral support from the wall. Since John's property or soil had not been altered and it was in its natural state, thereby allowing for the right of lateral support. Lateral support is the right of a landowner expected from the neighbouring property against any slippage, cave-in, landslide, flood, etc. In the case of the two owners, in addition to separating lands, the retaining wall serves to retain the earth. Although John's land is at a much lower level than Robert's, he still has the right of lateral support since the right signifies maintaining the land in its natural position. Since Robert owns the retaining wall, it is his obligation to maintain the wall to prevent soil from slippage upon the adjoining property and that the damage or impending damage is due to the natural state of his property, at this instance, the growing roots of a tree in his property. This impending damage on another's natural state of property requires Robert to give due John's right of lateral support. In this instance where John's property is in danger of land slippage from Robert's property due to a caving or damaged retaining wall that has been covenanted by Robert, caused by the growing trees in Robert's property, John may seek lateral support. 3. Can the tree be chopped down if it is subject to a tree preservation order John needs to request from

Arthropods PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arthropods - PowerPoint Presentation Example Among the arthropods, insects portray the highest degree of species diversity (Lecointre & Guyanden 67). In this discussion, we will focus on the reasons why insects are the most diverse. This paper will also focus on the limitations of these diverse species. Elipura is made up of collembola and Protura. The diplura is closely related to the insecta class. However, research indicates that crustaceans closely resemble insects than the entognatha class. Further research indicates that the collembolla have a different origin from the insects. The first evidence of Hexapods dates back to the Devonian period (Approximately 390 years ago). During this time, the insects are said to have been wingless. However, the preservation of the fossils was poor due to their exoskeleton, which is made of chitin. The evolution of the wings was an adaptation to allow them to survive the harsh conditions of the terrain. Insect fossils believed to have been from the Devonian period have been described. The oldest is a precursor of Rhyniella Praecusor found in Scotland. Primitive rooted plants of the time were localised in moist areas, and hence created soil for early arthropods such as myriapods (Grimaldi & Engel 66). Today, majority of the insects are terrestrial with a few in the marine habitat. The figures described in the previous slide are only representative of the species that have been documented. Forecasting shows that there could be many more species of insects living in non accessible areas that have not been scientifically described. To be recognized, insect species have to be described scientifically. This involves publishing of their description in the specialist journals. This is followed by thorough research. The purpose of this is to describe the insect, as well as classify it depending on it features. New species are recognised after formal descriptions. In Borneo, for the decade 1994-2004, 361 new species were found. 260

Media Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Media Relations - Assignment Example the rules of the press releases using succinct statements, subject line, vis-Ã  -vis the 6Ws: who, what, when, where, why, who cares (Howard & Mathews, 2006). The first paragraph informs the people of the salient points and the rest follows it with clear history of the issue, giving links to the parties involved and to the organization concerned. The least successful release is the one promoting new store opening. The main reason being that it is neither important for people in general nor does it have potential of a news worthy story. It is a local event that is best served by advertisement and not by a press release that would require further investigation or reporting. The release also has no headline/ subject line and is also not backed by hard figures of company’s sales and performance record. Cutler (2012) strongly believes that these are essential elements of public relation strategy that must be reflected in the press release. Moreover, it is full of generalities and advertising junk which fail to make it a news item worth

Impact of PSD2 on the Banking and Payment Industry

Impact of PSD2 on the Banking and Payment Industry Critically evaluate PSD2[1] and its potential impact upon the payments industry, the Banks and the UK customer. Is PSD2 likely to achieve its aims? PSD2 is the second payment directive that came into force in January 2016, as a fundamental piece of payments legislation within Europe, and the first European Law to affect sterling payments.ÂÂ   It is the artefact of an appraisal of the inventive of Payment Services Directive, which requires PSPs (payment service providers) to make significant number of changes to existing operations. On October 8, 2015, the European Parliament received the changed order on Payment Services (PSD2). It requires Europes banks to offer TTP more prominent access to client information and instalment foundation, and gives banks until 2018 to follow its mandates. Depending on how banks react, the new order can be either an impetus for kicking off the advancement of important new plans of action or a risk that will generate genuine focused difficulties. The Directive entails that all Members states contrivance these guidelines as a state law by the year 2018 on the 13th of January. The European Commission used determination to regularly integrate appraisal targets into the Directives, to ensure that the directions endure to be for the specific aim. With the reception of the Payment Services Directive (PSD2), an irreversible move to open managing an account in Europe has turned out to be unavoidable. Europes banks cant bear to sit tight for the authority PSD2 execution date in 2018 to define a key reaction. The primary charge services Directive (PSD) was carried out in the United Kingdom through the bills services guidelines in 2009. It turned into designed to establish a European wide felony framework for price offerings by using placing the data requirements and the respective rights and obligations of price service customers and vendors. It also introduced a new class of PSP, specifically, charge establishments, example: providers of price offerings unconnected to the taking of deposits or the issuing of digital cash, with the aid of laying down the authorisation necessities. European Directives set a EU wide guidelines on market practice, which all the Member States are required to put into effect a rule modifications by a certain date (the transposition cut-off date). In the United Kingdom, the rules are normally carried out by means of Statutory units and from time to time, through Parliamentary Acts. In 2012, the European Commission revised the Payments Services Directives and found that, the legislation had obligated several benefits. Such benefits included a prime enabling of market entrance and, an upsurge in competition for structured payment institutions. The Payment Services Directives provided the groundwork for the effective execution for the SEPA (the Single Euro Payments Area), which went on to greatly enhance the economies. The point of open banking in Europe has been set, which provides standardised access to customer data and banking set-up. The fences for access to third party providers and financial technology companies, are lowered due to the Payments Services Directive by motivating the growth of innovative corporate models and an extensive variety of novel banking amenities. This allows the Payments Services Directive to be a key substance of the commotion and tactical restitution in the banking economies within Europe. The trades within Europe have underway started to hold the varieties of facilities, as well as the corporations that will likely substitute the Payment Services Directive (PSD2). A PwC Strategy consider on PSD2, directed in the primary quarter of 2016, recommends that 88 percent of buyers utilise TTP for online instalments, which demonstrates that there is an expansive, prepared base of clients for other advanced managing an account administrations. All things considered, the gene ral reaction of Europes financiers to Payment Service Directive is one of instability. Although 68 percent of brokers dread that PSD2 will make them lose control of the customer interface, large portions of them stay uncertain how to react to the new order. Subsequently, they are embracing a cautious, keep a watch out position that is hazard disinclined. Interestingly, there are a couple banks and more TTP, that are grasping the potential outcomes of open managing an account also, seeking after methodologies went for winning a main part in the future. Third Party Providers is viewed as a huge change brought by PSD2. It in a general sense changes our association with the bank. This is the first run through keeps money with their client assent will permit TTP access to accounts. By permitting access to accounts, PSD2 makes two noteworthy parts for TTP to play. The European Parliament embraced PSD2 to make it less demanding, quicker, and less costly for customers to pay for products and enterprises, by advancing advancement improving instalment security, and institutionalising instalment frameworks crosswise over Europe. The Payment Services Directive utilises three instruments to accomplish this. The First is, it extends the administrative domain of the European Union to incorporate new sorts of suppliers, for example, instalment start and record data administrations. The Second is, it forces restrictions on exchange charges and stricter guidelines on discounts to lower exchange costs for shoppers. And lastly, the most troublesome that requires European banks to open their instalment foundation and client information to TTP of money related administrations. Imbursement start administration will give another option to card expenses, by moving cash from payer records to traders specifically. This will surely hit card organisation incomes, at any rate in Europe. Even though the specialised subtle elements of the Payment Services Directive have not been completely indicated yet, banks will undoubtedly need to utilise application programming interfaces, such as the Advance Passenger Information System (APIs). These institutionalised interfaces are intense facilitators and drivers of computerised businesses has passed their utilisation in the trading of information, APIs permit organisations to receive a secluded approach for rapidly and cost-successfully making and scaling new organisations. Therefore, the pace of API advancement and utilise is quickening in various enterprises. An example will be Uber for instance, rapidly developed from a little start up to a worldwide organisation by incorporating accomplice abilities by means of APIs. It utilises the Google Maps API to find clients and track drivers, Googles Cloud Messaging API for texting, and PayPals Braintree API for instalment. Notwithstanding utilising APIs, Uber additionally has built up its own API and gave it to different organisations to augment the span of its administrations. For example, Openable, the online reservation organises joins Ubers API in its application to permit clients to orchestrate go to and from eateries when they reserve a spot. Organisations, for example, Amazon, eBay, Facebook, Salesforce, and Twitter additionally have effectively utilised APIs to reinforce their capacities and fabricate their organisations. Presently, European banks must open their information and framework to satisfy administrative necessities. Even though the pronounced concentration of PSD2 is on instalments and access to records, its consequences reach out a long way past that restricted zone. Notwithstanding utilising APIs to accomplish compliance. Europes banks and TTP will have the capacity to utilise them significantly more deliberately. They could add outsider abilities to their centre business offerings through APIs, along these lines making and testing new models and ideas quicker and driving down their cost of development. They could support their cross-offering endeavours and develop their venture into new markets by giving their APIs to TTP. Whats more, they could utilise the shopper conduct and inclination information that collect from these exercises to build up the bits of knowledge expected to make extra new purchaser items and administrations. How much traders can profit by this abnormal state of trust in their instalment administrations will be a vital figure deciding the aggressive danger they posture to banks. On the off chance that they can join high trust levels with exclusive purchaser conduct and inclination information, traders could make a strong establishment for growing past instalments into different administrations, for example, account checking and individual money related administration, that banks have conventionally marketed. The control of the Payment Services Directive has been envisioned as problematic. On one hand, it prepared for new contestant in a range which for quite a long time worked in close fences. Then again it challenges places of existent players by empowering straightforwardness. There were uncommon open doors for new companies, however the greater part of that is going to change as regardless of its disturbance, for those of us in the UK the entire PSD2 brings up new issues about its pertinence after Brexit. For those organisations who stay inside the EU, they will keep on receiving the advantages of instalment information sharing through the mix of PSD2 and SEPA. UK based FinTech organisations outside the European Union might be enticed to migrate into the European Union. An Account Information Service which is also known as AIS, is characterised in Article 4(16) as an online service to provide consolidated information on one or more payment accounts held by the payment service user with either another payment service provider or with more than one payment service provider. PSD2 presents the Account Information Service Providers, AIPs whom are regularly alluded to as TTP, who are permitted to give an accumulated perspective of the client(s) records. The PSD2 content makes it clear that clients have a privilege to utilise PIS and AIS where that beneath PSD2, this information cannot be given out and such information can only be done, with the full consent from the client. That implies faster, more straightforward administrations, access to cash and computerised applications, which gives combined perspectives of accounts and in addition more oversee assets. For instance, if you have accounts in numerous Banks, you regularly have admittance to accounts through every Bank stage, the record data administrations API urge TTP to give a merged perspective of all the accounts. It is discernible that PSD2 wont permit banks to separate diversely to payments started utilising TTP, compared to that of the one started through their own system. It is evident that such access of records and payment start opportunity fuelled development, by permitting innovation new businesses to work into a region which was not accessible before. This implies a level playing field for new participant and occupant cultivates rivalry, development, and controlled situations. These progressions mirror the market development in E-Commerce business exercises and utilisation of web and portable payments and in addition, the ascent of new mechanical improvements and a pattern towards clients having associations with different record suppliers. Advance clarity with regards to the degree, is relied upon to develop amid the transposition stage. Notwithstanding, commonly, a dealer may incorporate a start to benefit given by a PISP into its online checkout procedure, to empower it to offer the choice of online acknowledge exchanges as another option to use another than to pay with Debit or Credit card. PIS could likewise be offered nearby AIS to move cash starting with one paying account then onto the next, considering the data accumulated. AIS permit purchasers and organisations to acquire a merged perspective of their records and to utilise instruments to investigate their exchanges and going through examples with at least one PSPs. Managers are very much aware of security concerns raised because of incorporation of TTP in the region which was beforehand accessible just to bank-particular channels. The Payment Service Directive has considered how important this matter is, and has set down new security necessities for other methods and ways to start payments and ease of convenience. PSD2 brings the idea of SCA, which is a more secure verification instrument that goes past two element validation, with the first validation being that, something a client knows, such as, a password or a memorable answer to a security question. The second validation is that, is prove ownership by stating a memorable passcode number(s). SCA presents a third measurement alluded as inherence recognises that client(s), can have access the option of fingerprints or voice biometrics. The exchange is an expression that rose out of the first PSD, which alludes to the exchanges where payers or beneficiaries are based outside of the European Union. In the first PSD, the exchanges were out of degree. It was the main European Union monetary forms that were initially focused on. PSD2 expanded the extent of the first PSD. Exchanges in any coin where both the payers and beneficiaries pay specialist cooperation that is situated in the European Union go under PSD2 transmit. Exchanges in any money where either the PSP or the beneficiarys PSP is situated in the European Union, regardless of different PSPs situated outside the European Union, go under the PSD2 dispatch. PSD2 presented more positive discount open doors for direct charge. Sitting aside the definitive expected and hopeful result of PSD2, there are absolutely some critical breakthroughs still to be accomplished if the venture is to stay on focus for conveyance in mid 2018. While the banks have regularly commenced consistence extends, and have gained ground to more prominent or lesser degrees, they are sitting tight for some basic additional data from the European Banking Authority, to which the Commission has appointed duty regarding the production of the Regulatory Technical Standards required for PSD2 usage. These specialized guidelines will go some approach to characterizing how banks will be required to give access to record data to outsiders, for instance by means of an API. They will likewise cover how the solid (two element) validation PSD2 presents, to expand the security of electronic payments, should be actualised. The specialised principles wont be accessible in draft shape for conference until the end of 2016, and they wont be finished for y ear and a half after that, which implies that associations need to arrange their systems in view of the data as of now accessible, and arrangements considering set up specialised models ought to give adaptability if any change is required when the specialised rules are settled. Work Cited https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/12833/does-psd2-still-matter-to-uk-after-brexit https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/media/file/Catalyst-or-threat.pdf http://www.paymentsuk.org.uk/sites/default/files/PSD2%20report%20June%202016.pdf https://www.ingwb.com/media/1609662/preparing-for-psd2_vroegh.pdf [1] DIRECTIVE (EU) 2015/2366 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC

People Like Us :: Literary Analysis, David Brooks

This essay will discuss the intrinsic relationship between diversity conceptualization and social integration presenting a response against David Brooks’ essay entitled â€Å"People Like Us.† In order to do this I will discuss four crucial elements: the influences of different definitions of diversity in cultural unification, Brook’s ideas about social groups working together and social groups coexisting together, the importance of diversity, and the influence of diversity in social changes. I will examine why some people have the perception that our American society ignore or see as unworthy diversity. Thus, I will dispute Brook’s view stating that our society disregards diversity, and Americans just pretend that it is important to them. First, I will discuss the influences of different definitions of diversity in cultural unification. The major problem concerning this issue is that many people differ in the real meaning of the concept and how they view their personal involvement. Brook argues that â€Å"we do not really care about diversity all that much in America, even though we talk about it a great deal† (306). However, they are the general, erroneous interpretations of diversity that are really creating this wrong image of indifference. According to Kira Hudson Banks in her research entitled â€Å"A Qualitative Investigation of Students’ Perceptions of Diversity,† many people defined diversity as race and do not include other types of diversity (153). The real definition of diversity includes different elements of the identity and culture of each person. Diversity involves cultural differences, such as origins, religious or political affiliation, race, and gender, and other more profound differences, such as experiences and personality. As Banks argues in her research, the real definition involves several elements of our identity (149). Therefore, the way in which we define and conceptualize diversity affects the way in which we interact with people of others culture, race, and affiliations. Second, I will discuss Brook’s ideas about social groups working together and social groups coexisting in a specific area. According to Brooks, in the United States we cannot see neighborhoods with different races or cultures because people always try â€Å"to group themselves with people who are basically like themselves† even in their workplaces (306-307). He makes this asseveration giving just an example on how wealthy Democratic and Republican lawyers do not tend to buy expensive houses in the same neighborhoods (307). However, in our country we can see middle class neighborhoods where we have different social groups coexist together, such as Coral Gables in Miami, Fl or Pembroke Pines in Broward, Fl.

Engineering Ethics of Titanic Sinking Essay

Utilitarianism Look at the Titanic When engineers design a product many things go in to the decision making process when it comes to selecting materials, design, and the manufacturing processes. One concern that has always been in the decision making process is trying to make sure the outcome will always be ethically good, although this isn’t always the case. Try as they might, no person is perfect, and accidents do happen. When engineering disasters happen there are many factors that may be involved, such as human factors, design flaws, extreme conditions, and materials failures. When these things do happen it is important to look at the ethical aspect of each part of the failure and try to analyze if any one person could be put at fault. One very famous and very disastrous engineering failure was when the â€Å"unsinkable Titanic† hit an iceberg and sank. The Titanic was a British ship originally conceived in 1907 to be a mail and passenger line to go from England to New York by the Harland and Wolff Irish Shipbuilding Company and The White Star Line to compete with the Lusitania and Mauritania which were the two biggest and fastest steamships at the time. When the Titanic was constructed weighed and astounding 46,000 tons, which was one and a half times heavier than the Lusitania and Mauritania. The Titanic was to be far more extravagant than its counterparts. It had luxurious accommodations for its first class passengers including on-board swimming pools, a gymnasium, bathrooms with stained glass windows and comfortable furniture, and even the styles of decor differed from cabin to cabin. The Titanic also had a great number of less glamorous rooms to accommodate middle class passengers, which is where they p lanned to make a lot of their profit. Although it was more luxurious, the Titanic was slightly slower than its competitors. The ship set sail on April 10, 1912 for its maiden voyage. It stopped at Cherbourg, France and Queenstown, Ireland to let on more passengers and mail  before setting off for its final destination around dusk of April 11. The next afternoon, reports of an ice in steamship lanes were heard over the radio, but this was not unordinary for the time of year. As time went on more detailed warnings were being received and it became apparent that an ice field lay in the path of the Titanic. The ship tried to divert its path twice to miss the ice field, but on the night of April 14, lookouts spotted and iceberg in the immediate path of the Titanic. The ship tried to reverse directions when the warning came but it was too late. The Titanic struck an iceberg estimated to be six times more massive than it. This caused the hull, which had become less ductile due to the freezing water temperatures, to buckle allowing vast amounts of water to fill the ship. The Titanic was constructed with 16 wate rtight compartments, and four would be able to flood without incident, but this collision caused six of the compartments to flood. In less than three hours the massive shia form of ethics in which the aim of action should be to create the largest possible p carrying more than 2,200 people sank in below zero water. Only 705 passengers and crew survived and were picked up by the liner Carpathia the next morning. To fully understand this disaster and its possible causes and alternate outcomes it is important to look at the possible causes individually as well as a whole. It is also important to look at them from many different ethical perspectives, although, for this look at the sinking of the Titanic I have chosen to focus on a utilitarianism standard. Utilitarianism is a type of ethics popularized by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mills in which the aim of action should be to create the largest possible balance of pleasure over pain or the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In other words, each decision should be made to result in the most happiness for the most people. This makes it a form of consequentialism, where the consequences of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct. Jeremy Bentham created an algorithm to determine the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause. He called this H edonic Calculus and it was divided into seven different categories. Bentham based this calculation off of intensity, or the strength of the pleasure, duration or how long the pleasure will last, certainty or how likely it is pleasure will occur, propinquity or how soon the pleasure will occur, fecundity or the likeliness it will be followed by pleasures, purity or probability that feelings of the opposite will occur, and extent or how many people will be affected. I will try to put some of the major failures of the Titanic in to these categories to determine the ethical standing of the engineers responsible for the Titanic. When analyzing this disaster the first thing to consider is the engineer’s design of the Titanic. The Titanic was employing many new and innovative designs that were believed to make the Titanic the safest ship ever built at that time. The engineer’s of the vessel made claims that the Titanic was â€Å"unsinkable† and that â€Å"even in the worst possible accident at sea, the ship should have stayed afloat for two to three days.† One of the features that lead them to this claim was the 16 watertight compartments in the hull of the ship. The way they were designed allowed for up to four compartments to be breached and they ship would still carry on. This feature of the ship would be a good act when looking at it from a utilitarianism view because in all categories of the hedonic calculus it seems like it will cause the most pleasure for the most number of people. Although the idea was good, it could be argued the execution was not. The compartments were mad e watertight by watertight doors that could be dropped manually if flooding occurred. This allowed for the compartments to be watertight horizontally, but the rooms had no ceilings, and the walls only went a few feet above the water line. This meant if a vast amount of water flooded a compartment it could flow over the top of one and spill into another. When applying the calculus to how the compartments were constructed the duration was medium because the walls at least slowed the water down some and hindered the sinking. The certainty and propinquity were good because it allowed for immediate pleasure, conversely the fecundity and extent are poor because the pleasure will be followed by pain when the compartments begin to spill over which would cause for a great number of people to experience pain, with a fewer number experiencing the pleasure. Another decision that led to the eventual demise of the Titanic was the materials chosen for the very important rivets. The flash of the Titanic also made it quite expensive to construct. To cut some costs the 3 million rivets used were made of two different materials, one stronger than the other. Steel rivets were only used in the central hull of the ship because this is where the engineers thought that the strongest rivets were needed. Weaker iron rivets were used in the stern and bow of the ship. This low quality metal used on these parts lost their integrity and became brittle in extremely cold waters, like the ones the Titanic would be travelling through. When applying to utilitarianism to this decision it is clear to see that this was a bad action. The duration of the pleasure would only be until something threatened to break the weaker rivets, but this is where you would want pleasure the most. It is unlikely that pleasure would continue throughout the life of the ship or happen suddenly so the certainty and propinquity are also bad. It is not likely that the pleasure of cutting costs would be followed by other pleasures so the fecundity and purity would be low. The extent of this possible pa in would be very great while the pleasure of saving money would only help a few which is also very bad in a utilitarian sense. The last oversight I will look at is the number of life boats on the Titanic. There was a law that required all vessels over 10,000 tons to have at least 16 life boats on deck. These were considered to be unappealing to the eye, so to try and give the greatest pleasure to their passengers the Titanic only had 20. Even though its massive size would have required over four times as many boats. This decision was made because the Titanic was â€Å"unsinkable† so the life boats were more on board to help save survivors of other boat crashes. This decision was initially pleasurable, but due to the circumstances turned out to cause great pain. The duration of the pleasure would be great as long as the boats were never needed. The certainty, propinquity, and extent were all high as long as the boat was above water. But if a crash happened all of these along with the purity and fecundity became very low. This action would have to be considered a bad action because when designing a ship you must consider the worst possible situations. When looking at all these flaws from a utilitarianism view it is clear that short term pleasure was always chosen over the possibility of long term pain or pleasure. This resulted in many thing being pleasurable up until the crash, but when designing a product where people lives may be at risk it is important to base your decisions on what would cause the greatest pleasure for the greatest number of people in all possible situations and outcomes. The hubris of the engineers clouded their vision and they failed to do this which resulting in the death of 1500 of the 2200 people on board the Titanic when it sank. Bibliography 1. http://www.matscieng.sunysb.edu/disaster/ 2. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9801/Felkins-9801.html 3. http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/ 4. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/titanic.htm 5. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary 6. http://www.writing.eng.vt.edu/uer/bassett.html 7. http://www.titanicuniverse.com/

Essay on Business Ethics

Essay on Business Ethics Essay on Business Ethics Essay on Business EthicsWhat is the Categorical Imperative? How are the principles of Universalizability, Dignity of Persons, and the Kingdom of Ends derived from this Deontological Theory?Immanuel Kant is an outstanding philosopher who managed to give explanation to various concepts regarding responsibility and morality. Kant states that responsibility can be viewed as moral action that has its value. Kant defined the Categorical Imperative as â€Å"the statement of the moral law, or of supreme principle of morality† (De George 64). According to his philosophy, the principles of duty can make any action a Categorical Imperative, while any purpose that affects an action is Hypothetical Imperative. According to Kant, there can be only one Categorical Imperative, which was identified in his formulas of universal law. The Categorical Imperative is connected not only with the matter of the action, but also it is connected with its form and the principles followed by it. As a resul t, the Categorical Imperatives ignore any purposes and outcomes of the action. De George states that technical terminology of Kant helps to better understand the nature of the moral law. According to Kant’s philosophy, â€Å"the moral law commands categorically, not hypothetically† (De George 64). The Categorical Imperative differs from Hypothetical Imperative. According to De George, â€Å"the Categorical Imperative supplies the basic criterion of morality, even though in ordinary life we tend to solve moral problems by using second-order moral principles or rules†(70). Thus, the Categorical Imperative should not be applied to any situation.   One of the examples of the application of the Categorical Imperative is Ten Commandments, which reflect human morality, grounded on ethical principles.The principles of Universalizability, Dignity of Persons, and the Kingdom of Ends are derived from this Deontological Theory. According to Deontological Theory, some acti ons may be prohibited, while other actions may be obligatory. The principles of Universalizability can be viewed as a Deontological Principle, because it reflects Deontological Ethics. According to Kant’s philosophy, there may be only one Categorical Imperative, which is represented in three formulations: the universal principle of the law of nature, the principle of ends, and the principle of autonomy. These principles are called the principles of Universalizability. Nevertheless, it becomes clear that the principles of Universalizability do not generate any concrete norms of action, morally permissible. According to De George, According to De George, the Deontological Theory considers that â€Å"being moral is the same as being rational† (24). If a principle can be regarded as moral or rational, it must refer to Universalizability, and should be applied to everyone and to any situation. The Principle of Ends says, â€Å"So act as to treat humanity, whether in your o wn person or in that of any other, in every case as an end, and never as merely a means† (qtd. in De George 66). Each individual can be regarded as a rational being as he/she has a dignity. This fact means he/she should never be exploited as a means to generate good. The principles of Universalizability, Dignity of Persons, and the Kingdom of Ends are derived from Deontological Theory because of the morality of actions. According to Kant, the major principle of morality must be focused on the moral law that has universalizability characteristics, applied at all times to any moral agent.Thus, the Categorical Imperative is a significant criterion that helps to evaluate morality and moral principles. Kant’s philosophy claims that it is necessary to derive morality from reasoning. Morality depends on moral good. Deontological Theory generates the Categorical Imperatives that stand for the duties independent of any theory of good, placing emphasis on the action rather than o n the results or outcomes. Deontological Theory helps to solve the problems of morality. De George states that Kant’s moral theory is deontological because he is focused on the actions that are considered to be morally right in their motives, and that should be derived from duty rather than from inclination.Question 2What is the distinction between causal responsibility and moral responsibility? What are, if any, the excusing conditions for moral responsibility? What role do these excusing conditions play in terms of a) moral responsibility and b) moral accountability?There is the distinction between causal responsibility and moral responsibility. De George, the outstanding American philosopher, states that moral responsibility can be lessened in case of excusing conditions, which may prevent the individual’s action, making it impracticable. Moral responsibility can be viewed as a minefield as it is based on the concepts that do not include obligation or freedom of cho ice. It is possible to punish an individual on the account of his/her moral responsibility. However, causal responsibility has a different meaning because it depends on someone’s will. Let’s take another example: self-defense and murder. An individual may be causally and morally responsible for an action. In some cases, causal responsibility can be viewed as an essential condition of moral responsibility. De George states, â€Å"I am responsible for having hit him† (100). An individual may not be morally responsible for this action, but he/she will be causally responsible in any case. In other words, an individual may be causally responsible for some action if he played some role in bringing this action about. An individual may be morally responsible for some action if he/she not only played some role in bringing some action about, but also he/she initiated or organized some events which led to the occurrence of the action. It is necessary to understand the sign ificance of moral responsibility for business organizations. According to De George, causal responsibility is â€Å"an ingredient in both moral and legal responsibility† (100). De George believes that the chain of responsibility can be represented as a long chain, which involves individuals to bear both causal responsibility and moral responsibility. There is much evidence that causal responsibility is part of moral responsibility. For De George, it is very important that corporations are guided by corporate members who play the role of moral agents. This fact means that corporations can be morally evaluated.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two types of excusing conditions for moral responsibility. These excusing conditions include ignorance and force. According to De George, â€Å"excusing conditions supply reasonable ways for lessening or predicting moral responsibility†(103). An individual may be morally responsible for the action, but because of excusing conditions, he/she is not responsible. Excusing conditions help to mitigate moral responsibility. For example, in the law, excusing conditions are recognized, and the murder committed of passion is considered to be less serious that the murder committed as a premeditated murder (De George 103). Moral responsibility is associated not only with the following concepts: â€Å"duty, obligation, possibility, knowledge, freedom and choice,† but also with â€Å"liability, accountability, age, praise, blame, intention, pride, shame, remorse, conscience and character† (De George 104).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moral accountability is a rather complicated concept as it is focused on an individual’s obligation and willing to act. Moral accountability can be found at all organizational levels in any business organization. An individual is ready to give an account of another individual’s action. According to De George, different members of an organization should be morally accountable for their actions. Accountability is focused on an individual’s explanation of one’s responsibility for some actions. Excusing conditions play an important role in terms of moral accountability. According to De George, moral accountability consists of being prepared to render a moral account of an action either for ourselves or as agents for others†(105). This fact means an individual should be ready to give an account of his/her actions, for which he/she bears responsibility. Nevertheless, it is necessary to mention that a moral account of an individual’s actions cannot be given clearly in moral terms.Essay on Business Ethics part 2

How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essays

How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essays How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essay How the Leather Industry Handles a Specific Operations Management Issue or Set of Issues Essay Operations direction is the field which is concerned with forming and put to deathing physical and proficient activities of a house. These actions are conducted by a combination of natural stuffs and processing or piecing the assorted constituents. utilizing the services of workers. machines. tools and power. It is a typical integrating of many different maps. Operations direction programs usually include instructions in rule of general direction. fabrication and production system. An operation may be defined as the procedure of altering input into end products by adding value to some entity ( Edurkar. 2009 ) . The two cardinal maps are to supply a merchandise or service and to sell that merchandise or service. It involves the planning and scheming of all maps necessary for the procurance of the firm’s merchandise or services. There are some specific facets of operations direction merchandise or services to stress ; company volume and location of concern feasible for clients and providers. selling schemes. techniques and machinery to do goods. work force direction and preparation and quality confidence. While set uping a leather industry in Kanpur India or even a little unit. an enterpriser is required to pay attending to assorted evidences like size. location and layout as they shape the efficiency of production. Such factors should sooner be considered by the enterpriser at the undertaking planning phase. and they must be cautious about them at the undertaking execution phase. A leather industry is normally comprised of four sectors ; the foremost and primary sector being the tanning and coating sector ( Singh. 2002 ) . This stage in the production procedure possesses a batch of importance because the leather industry involves both little and heavy industries. so its size varies and depends upon the handiness and handiness of a big natural stuff base. Country’s farm animal like American bisons and caprine animals provide basic natural stuffs for this industry. Some factors determine the size of the industry like land. edifice. etc. Size of land should be adequate to take attention of present and future demands like storage of natural stuff and finished goods. Kanpur in Utter Pradesh is a metropolis which enjoys abundant handiness of natural stuff and it is really easy to set up a leather production unit at that place because it besides has basic substructure for this concern ( Bhargava. n. d. ) . As proper location of an endeavor is important for its success. so Kanpur is the topographic point where a fresh enterpriser can set up his leather concern easy. because handiness of natural stuff and cheap skilled labour is non a large trade as it has a professionally developed leather market. The first issue of operations direction is the designing of a system. This begins with merchandise development. It should get down with the appraisal of client demands and bit by bit turn into merchandise design. The competency and setup that will bring forth a merchandise. every bit good as the information system needed to detect and command public presentation. are portion of this design procedure. Equally far as the leather industry or unit is concerned. one factor is rather interesting and promoting that this concern in developing states like India is non as hard or complicated in footings of competency and equipment needed. For illustration. a fledgling can originate a little bungalow leather industry with sensible investing and can acquire a cheap skilled labour force. Kanpur is the largest Centre of American bison based leather in India. Its tannery industry ( tanning is the procedure of continuing teguments of animate beings to bring forth leather ) began during the British regulation and the industry has continued to turn since so. Most of the tanneries are little. so it is rather executable for an enterpriser to originate a leather-oriented concern in this part. Leather production system design in the specific part is dependent upon the bing resource base. During recent old ages. most of the leather industries have shifted from industrialized to developing states. Reasons can be frequent handiness of natural stuff. inexpensive labour cost and flexible environmental ordinances. As environmental ordinances are stricter in the industrialized developed universe. set uping leather concern in a state like India can be helpful for an endeavor so that opportunities of alterations in its layout would be minimum.

Business Dissertation about Currency Wars Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16500 words

Business about Currency Wars - Dissertation Example The report gives a literature review on the topic and also explains the rationale of the study. It discusses the studies and opinions of many analysts, who have clearly mentioned in their views the connection currency wars, and trade, exports, imports and grey imports. The research is believed to provide crucial knowledge on the impacts of currency wars as a strategy to boost exports and contract imports. Interpretive research methodology has been used in the data collection and analysis. The research approach has been qualitative as well as quantitative and case study method has been applied. A case study of the Euro, USD, AUD and Yen has been used for the research purpose, which has helped to answer the research questions. The case studies have comprised of theoretical and analytical frameworks. During the entire research program, all the ethical issues have been taken care of, and the purpose and procedures of the study have been clearly declared. The dissertation explains all the procedures applied for data collection, the results that have been obtained, and a clear analysis based on the examinations has been provided. Based on the analysis, a view has been provided on the importance of currency wars, in the light of international trade.... I am also much obliged to my supervisors who guided me with their timely advice, feedbacks and suggestions which aided me in attaining the expected standard of work and keeping me punctual as per the scheduled deliveries of dissertation chapters. Table of Contents Serial no. Topic Page no. I Introduction, Aims & objectives and Research Questions 8 I.1 Introduction 8 I.2 Aims 10 I.3 Objectives 11 I.4 Research Questions 11 II Literature Review 13 III Research Methodology 29 IV Findings and Analysis 36 V Discussions 55 VI Conclusion 58 VII Recommendations for future Research 61 References 66 List of figures Figure no. Topic Page no. 1 Devaluation improves Balance of trade 15 2 Nominal Exchange Rate between Euro and USD 40 3 Standard Deviation in USD relative to Euro 42 4 Nominal Exchange Rate between USD and Yen 47 5 Standard Deviation in Yen relative to USD 48 6 Nominal Exchange Rate between Euro and AUD 53 7 Standard Deviation in Euro relative to AUD 54 List of Appendices Serial no. T opic Page no. Appendix A Nominal Exchange Rate between Euro and USD 64 Appendix B Standard Deviation in USD relative to Euro 64 Appendix C Nominal Exchange Rate between USD and Yen 64 Appendix D Standard Deviation in Yen relative to USD 65 Appendix E Nominal Exchange Rate between Euro and AUD 65 Appendix F Standard Deviation in Euro relative to AUD 65 II) Introduction, Aims and Objectives and Research Questions: I.1) Introduction: The term ‘Currency War’ was coined by Guido Mantega, the Finance Minister of Brazil, in 2010. (Draghi, 1) Currency War is a â€Å"battle over the value of each nation’s currency and the impact it has on their trade relationships† (Willis, 51) It is a competitive devaluation strategy of the government for the generation of

Corporate Social Responsibility Plan Research Paper

Corporate Social Responsibility Plan - Research Paper Example to the need to incorporate these plans directly into corporate social responsibility and so the plans are implemented isolated differently from corporate social responsibility plans. Until such a time that the corporate strategic plans of the company are integrated into the corporate social responsibility plans, the full potential of the company in terms of organizational growth cannot be attained. Nationwide Insurance is certainly in the financial industry, where it is expected to be a major stakeholder in the determination of the investment of people through insurance. Closely related to the background of the role of the company in offering secure investment policies for its clients are the vision and value statements of the company structured. The vision statement of the company is therefore given a â€Å"to become a competitive leader in the provision of risk-free insurance that meets customers at the points of their need†. The vision statement indicates clearly that the major focus of the company is the customer and that the company wants to put the customer first in all its business dealings. Much of the company’s ways of going about its business is directed at achieving the vision of the company. This is however done in a well laid out format that is backed by the use of empirical themes. For example, there is the use of three spheres and the environment, which together makes economic, political, civil society and the environment. In all of these thematic areas, the company tries to give to the customer value oriented service and business product that satisfies the demanding conditions of the company. On a scale of ten therefore, the success rate of programs that are currently in use in line with the four themes could be said to 8 out 10 successful. It was recently discovered that one of the best ways to achieve a holistic goal for all four themes is to make use of corporate social responsibilities (Urwick, 2003). This led to the designing of a series

Criminal Justice System in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice System in the USA - Assignment Example As the paper outlines, this is obviously the wrong direction that the prison system is taking and represents an unethical way in which the offenders are being treated. Although the conditions in these prisons meet federal and local standards, the overall issue of human rights and equality is fundamentally flawed due to the fact that the people who are being locked away are not viewed with respect to how they should be punished or reformed; rather, they are only viewed with respect to the overall level of profitability that can be extracted from the state, regional, or federal government for their tenure in the penal system. The following analysis will discuss this to some length and highlight the unethical nature as well as some prescriptions for change that could be instituted in order to have a positive impact on the current criminal justice system. The ethical issue that exists is the fact that the prisons and penal institutions within the United States are supposed to be interest ed only in punishing and rehabilitating the criminal. Instead, what is taking place throughout the country is a situation in which the prison complex itself is making a massive amount of money based upon the individuals that it incarcerates. As one might expect, this means that there will be little if any focus upon seeking to rehabilitate the criminal; instead, the focus is upon only trying to expand the size of the prisons so that a further and further level of profitability is made.  As such, the primary ethical/moral issue that one must consider relates to the issue that has evolved from what this author will deem â€Å"incarceration for profit†. Although few individuals in the United States are aware of this practice, the fact of the matter is that it has grown from an isolated incidence to a multi-million dollar a year industry. The central issue can be explained as a system whereby overburdened municipalities cannot immediately afford the massive expense that is call ed for in order to build a new penitentiary system. As a way to bridge this gap while making a substantial profit, private firms enter into the equation and offer the municipality a joint venture which is oftentimes hard to resist. These firms offer to front the necessary capital to build the facility as well as staff it with private contracting security firms. The catch then comes as the municipality agrees to an extended lease of the facility. Although at face value this may seem an ingenious way for a private firm to work to alleviate the strains that a municipality may have with relation to prison overcrowding, it is however slightly more sinister than one would at first presume. Due to the fact that a private firm now has the stake in the criminal justice system, a system that arguably the state and the state alone should have prevued over, the interests of rehabilitation and reform are placed as secondary to overall profit (Brickner et al. 11). Such a situation is counter to t he very foundations of what the criminal justice system is supposed to provide to society.  In this way, incarceration has become the primary focus of policymakers and local leaders whereas the needs of those incarcerated as well as the secondary objectives of rehabilitation and reform are all but forgotten in a drive to provide more â€Å"bed space† for existing and incoming offenders.   This issue has been compounded by a host of policy decisions; some of these are beyond the scope of this individual analysis.   However, two of the complicating factors will be discussed at greater length within this analysis.

The Little Girl Eater Evaluative Phase Essay Example for Free

The Little Girl Eater Evaluative Phase Essay I was most pleased with my own unique style and how it influenced the group to make the drama piece feel as if the audience were more part of it even though my part was not originally a very significant one it became a vital encouraging role but not overpowering contribution to the non-naturalism was probably the most noticeable as I am highly enthusiastic about performing them as it can be ridiculously surreal and still captivate the audience seriously though without the lighting it would seem inappropriate and we were supposed to have to perform without lighting or sound. I thought my narration flowed at the correct pace which is unlike my usual self as normally I rush speaking long lines and mumble which is how I normally speak anyway but I have to concentrate to speak loudly and clearly because normally people can understand when I am just talking to them because I am not talking from distance and a lot of people and I am hopeless at consciously making the effort of speaking louder. Our group created a more complex story line than we set out at first to do as we felt we were up for something hard, which created a lot more challenging all round as the narrating would have to be more detailed and precise, also the acting needs to grip the audience so that they wont miss a scene otherwise catastrophe could occur and the audience might stop watching for a couple of minutes and the rest would of have been spoilt, we also used as much of the original text as we could so that the audience had something familiar a swell as completely astray to their conception of Mirandas future or past. We targeted to create an understanding of the important subject of facing death as it comes to you, we seemed to of have achieved this well through the argument between Miranda (Played by Megan) and the ghost of Paul Mason (played by Tim), In this scene i was happy with the build up of the ever raising voices and background music because of the way it was so convincing and that the audi ence were captivated throughout more then any other scene. Jake worked the Lighting box for us and he carried it out with exceedingly high standards specially as it was his first attempt ever at lighting in a lighting box. We did not use costume in the final performance, however though we did have some good ideas such as for Paul Mason we were going to have milky blue contact lenses and white robes for an eerie appearance because he is a spirit returning from the dead, for everyone else It think it would be appropriate to have a black base with maybe a few casual accessories like hats and belts but something different for Miranda that would show that she was the only one who could see the ghost, which would of have created an effective contrast. The other groups performances were all fantastic. It was very clear that everyone contributed metaphorically heavily into their performance. I cant remember the group but I can remember that there was a marvellous exploration of the topic of finding a long lost family and the emotions that come with them; quite often trauma, confusion and recklessness. In the group consisting of Kathryn Gray, Sophie Bridges, Yannick Mitchell and Nyiesha, they had very clear non-naturalistic scenes the most effective from my point of view was their Physical theatre clocks performed by Yannick and Kathryn. Sophie Bridges probably narrated the best out of the groups as she had a lot of lines and had to spontaneously improvise which she managed so well I only realised when it was mentioned by one of their group members. My favourite performance was that of The group consisting of: Ayla Cunningham, Stephanie Dunstan And Jake Nason. All of the ideas were original and Exciting They had very slick movement between scenes with their non-naturalism. Ayla took on a challenge of taking on a demanding, authoritative role which she pulled off convincingly even if she had made one or two mistakes in her lines she covered them up well by not hesitating the slightest when correcting herself Which would normally be easy to pick up on but it almost seemed as if it were planned before hand. Luke Bacon, Tabbatha Clarke and Alfie Butler performed an almost completely improvised performance as two of their group members were missing twice in a row. their performance was great fun to watch as they had not had time to polish and improve still managing a captivating atmosphere the lighting was also timed in an appropriate manner after some difficulties at the start with a loose connection to one of the wires in the lighting box. This Unit of The Little Girl Eater has affected my way of looking at others needs and how they are sometimes more important then mine even if they seem not to be and that I should be considerate to others welfare unless they take it for granted in which case I would leave them be as they do not deserve any help what so ever. I have also found that usually there is logic beneath everything even if it seems unjustifiable. I learnt that revenge should be dealt with careful precautions and that when dealing it to consider their state of mind at the time to the state of mind they are in now, also would they change what they had done if they could? would be a good question to ask yourself, also to remember how it made you feel and that you are just as bad as them if you do to them as they have done to you.

Symbolism and Devices in Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay examples -

An Examination of Symbolism and Devices in The Open Boat   Ã‚  Ã‚   The struggle for survival by mankind can be found in many different settings.   It can be seen on a battlefield, a hospital room or at sea as related in â€Å"The Open Boat†, written in 1897 by Stephen Crane.   The story is based on his actual experiences when he survived the sinking of the SS Commodore off the coast of Florida in early 1897.   â€Å"The Open Boat† is Stephen Crane’s account of life and death at sea told through the use of themes and devices to emphasize the indifference of nature to man’s struggles and the development of mankind’s compassion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story’s theme is related to the reader by the use of color imagery, cynicism, human brotherhood, and the terrible beauty and savagery of nature.   The symbols used to impart this theme to the reader and range from the obvious to the subtle.   The obvious symbols include the time from the sinking to arrival on shore as a voyage of self-discovery, the four survivors in the dinghy as a microcosm of society, the shark as nature’s random destroyer of life, the sky personified as mysterious and unfathomable and the sea as mundane and easily comprehended by humans.   The more subtle symbols include the cigars as representative of the crew and survivors, the oiler as the required sacrifice to nature’s indifference, and the dying legionnaire as an example of how to face death for the correspondent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opening paragraph of the story emphasizes the limitations of the individual’s vision of nature.   From the beginning, the four characters in the dingy do not know â€Å"the colors of the sky,† but all of them know â€Å"the colors of the sea.†Ã‚   This opening strongly suggests the symbolic situations in which average peo... ...and an equally indifferent relationship between humans.   These styles are blended in the story by Crane’s varied role of Nature and humans throughout the story and the use of symbols and different imagery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of this story is actually stated in the story if it is read carefully and Crane reinforces it innumerable times.   The theme of the story is man’s role in nature and is related to the reader through the use of color imagery, cynicism, human brotherhood, and the terrible beauty and savagery of nature.   The story presents the idea that every human faces a voyage throughout life and must transition from ignorance to comprehension of mankind’s place in the universe and among other humans. Works Cited    Crane, Stephen. â€Å"The Open Boat.† Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. 6th ed. Vol. C. New York: Norton, 2003.   

Trade Protectionism Put to the Test Essay -- Essays Papers

Trade Protectionism Put to the Test The idea behind trade protectionism as policy is that domestic industry cannot or should not have to compete with imports from foreign producers and that domestic workers’ jobs are at risk when trade is unrestricted. Most economists, and a large portion of the public would agree when looking at the big picture that free trade is positive for importers and exporters, as well as consumers. The very basic theories of comparative advantage, specialization and trade make a compelling argument for trade without barriers. Trade based on comparative advantage produces higher outputs for both importers and exporters, higher quality of goods, lower prices, greater varieties of goods from which to select, and an overall greater sense of economic well-being. The disadvantages of implementing quotas, tariffs, or other forms of barriers to trade far outweigh any perceived advantages. There are cases to prove that more jobs are actually lost under protectionism than saved. Historicall y, trade barriers result in higher prices to consumers, higher taxes (taxes on imported goods as well as those to cover additional bureaucratic infrastructure to force compliance with trade restrictions), developing counties that have no way to repay debt as their ability to export is squashed, and trade wars that have proven a deterrent to world peace. This paper will look at the evidence that trade protectionism has an overwhelmingly harmful effect on developing countries. It creates and rewards inefficiency in the marketplace. It benefits only special interest groups while the masses are forced to pay higher prices for lesser quality and choice. The costs (both monetary and non-monetary) far outweigh any benefi... ...some military conflicts. During the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, mercantilism led to nonstop wars in efforts to expand empires and build larger markets. The American Revolution and the Civil War can be said to have many issues at their core, not lease of which were tariffs and export restrictions. In 1930, the Smoot-Hawley Act, was signed by President Hoover and raised tariffs (some as much as 100%). What followed were similar trade restrictions implemented by other countries. This was followed immediately by the Great Depression and then by World War II. Obviously, these historical examples do not represent empirical data to connect trade protectionism to war and unrest. However, it is enough to give pause for thought to consider the possibility that trade restriction policies (and those created in retaliation) may create and feed hostility and ill will.

Chem 112

Experiment 2 Acetic Acid Content of Vinegar By Kelsey Huber Chem 112L-01-George Gachumi September 19, 2011 Lab partners: Danielle Antes, Alex Ogren, Vanessa Kellems In this experiment acetic acid will be titrated with sodium hydroxide. As the sodium hydroxide is titrated into the acetic acid it is measured by pH. The sodium hydroxide is added into the acetic solution in small increments using a burette. The concentration of acetic acid averages at 0. 9Â ±1. 5M and the known value of the acetic acid is 0. 833M.The percent error of the experiment averages at 0. 66%. Possible errors could include incorrect measurements of sodium hydroxide and/or acetic acid. Background: Titration is when one solution is slowly added to another solution so that the reaction between the two can be accurately recorded or measured. For example, when a base is slowly added to an acid the equivalence point should be neutral. Methods of titration are even used in the food industry to express the oil and fat c ontents in different products.For example, titration is used in the cheese and the wine business to test if the product is ready for consumption. Procedure: Hirko, R. Chemistry 112L General Chemistry I Laboratory, 5th ed. ; bluedoor: Eden Prairie, MN, 2011; Experiment 2. Results: Graph A. 1 shows the second derivative used to find the volume of NaOH to equivalence point which equals 8. 02 ml. Graph A. 2 shows the titration curve of the pH versus the volume of the solution. Graph A. 1 Graph A. 2Discussion: The titration of sodium hydroxide to acetic acid eventually produced a dark pink solution. The equivalence point of this solution is a weak acid. The acetic acid molarity of commercial vinegar varied slightly in the three trials. In trial one the vinegar molarity was 0. 173 M, in trial two it was 1. 061 M, and in trial three it was 1. 322 M. The concentration of acetic acid was calculated at 0. 9Â ±1. 5 M, by taking the average of three trials. This is within 0. 067 M of the known value which is 0. 833 M.By inspection of the titration curves there could be a difference based on the exact amount of sodium hydroxide being dropped from the burette into the acetic acid solution. At the equivalence point the pH is not seven because acetic acid is a weak acid and it is being mixed with a strong base, sodium hydroxide. The indicator turned red when it reached the equivalence point. Phenolphthalein was a good indicator for the titration of a weak acid with a strong base because it was the solution that caused the red color as the sodium hydroxide and acetic acid reached an equivalence point.Phenolphthalein would however not be a good indicator for titration of a weak base with a strong acid because the phenolphthalein reacted with the sodium hydroxide to create the red color; it was not turning red as a result of the acetic acid. Inaccuracies in the determined concentration of sodium hydroxide to acetic acid can be attributed to possible measurement errors. Inaccura te measurements while adding the sodium hydroxide from the burette into the acetic acid throughout the three trials could result in various outcomes on the graphs effecting results such as the equivalence point and the titration curve.